Understanding the effect of sex on energy requirements of hair sheep.

Differences and/or similarities in the influence of sex class for hair sheep requirements remain inconclusive. Knowledge of energy requirements allows well-formulated diets to be provided which is crucial for improving animal production. We aimed to determine the effect of sex class on the net energy requirements of growing hair sheep in a multi-study approach. We used a data set composed of individual measurements of 382 hair sheep (299 non-castrated and 83 castrated males) from 11 studies that used the methodology of comparative slaughter. Net energy requirements for maintenance (NEm) were obtained by the regression between heat production and metabolizable energy intake. The metabolizable energy requirements for maintenance (MEm) were calculated by the iterative method, and the efficiency of use of metabolizable energy for maintenance (km) was obtained by NEm divided by MEm. The net energy requirements for gain (NEg) were estimated from retained energy (RE) against empty BW gain (EBWG). The efficiency of energy use for weight gain (kg) was obtained from the relationship between RE and the energy metabolizable intake for gain, removing the intercept. There was an effect of sex on NEg and two equations were generated: NEg (MJ/day) = 1.040 (±0.04055) × EBW0.75 × EBWG0.8767(±0.03293) and NEg (MJ/day) = 1.040 (±0.04055) × EBW0.75 × EBWG0.8300(±0.03468) (R2 = 0.86; MSE = 0.0037; AIC = -468.0) for non-castrated and castrated males, respectively. Sex class did not affect kg (P > 0.05) and one kg was generated (0.29). Sex did not affect kprotein (P = 0.14) and kfat (P = 0.32), assuming an average deposition efficiency of 0.27 for protein and 0.78 for fat. The NEm and MEm did not differ (P > 0.05) between sex classes, with a value of 0.272 and 0.427 MJ/kg0.75 EBW per day, respectively. The km observed was 0.64. In conclusion, non-castrated and castrated male hair sheep have similar maintenance energy requirements although energy requirements for gain differed among them. The Committees overestimate the gain and maintenance requirements for hair sheep. Therefore, the equations generated in this study are recommended.

A parainfluenza virus 5 (PIV5)-vectored intranasal vaccine for Lyme disease provides long-lasting protection against tick transmitted Borrelia burgdorferi in mice.

Lyme disease (LD) is the most prevalent vector borne disease in North America and Europe and its geographic range continues to expand. Strategies for disease control are necessary to effectively reduce incidence of LD including development of safe vaccines for human use. Parainfluenza virus 5 (PIV5) vector has an excellent safety record in animals and PIV5-vectored COVID-19 and RSV vaccines are currently under clinical development. We constructed PIV5-vectored LD vaccine candidates expressing OspA from B. burgdorferi sensu stricto (OspAB31) and a chimeric protein containing sequences from B. burgdorferi and B. afzelii (OspABPBPk). Immunogenicity and vaccine efficacy were analyzed in C3H-HeN mice after prime-boost intranasal (IN) vaccination with PIV5-OspAB31 and PIV5-OspABPBPk, subcutaneous (SC) vaccination with rOspAB31+Alum as well as the respective controls. Mice vaccinated with either PIV5-AB31 or PIV5-ABPBPk intranasally had high endpoint titers of serum antibody against OspA antigen beyond 1 year post vaccination, similar to levels detected in mice vaccinated SC with rOspAB31. Flowcytometric analysis of spleen cells at 9-months post-immunization demonstrated that immunization with the intranasal PIV5 vaccine candidates led to an overall increase in the number of memory B cells, cytotoxic T and cytotoxic effector T cells compared to SC groups. Borreliacidal activity measured by neutralization assay was maintained up to 18 months post-immunization, with the response greater in intranasal PIV5-delivered OspA vaccines, than that induced by SC rOspAB31. Challenge with infected ticks (10-19 strains of B. burgdorferi) performed at 4-, 9- or 15-months post-immunization showed increased breakthrough infections in mice vaccinated with SC rOspAB31 compared to IN PIV5-AB31 or IN PIV5-ABPBPk at 9- and 15-months, as determined by qPCR of B. burgdorferi in tissues, culture of B. burgdorferi from tissues, and antibodies against B. burgdorferi protein VIsE. These data demonstrate that intranasal PIV5-based immunization is superior to parenteral immunization with the same recombinant protein and provides long-lasting protection (> 1 year) against Lyme disease.

Mycoviruses infecting Colletotrichum spp: A comprehensive review / Micoviroses em Colletotrichum spp: uma revisão abrangente

Abstract Colletotrichum is one of the most economically important fungal genera, which affects a wide range of hosts, specifically tropical and subtropical crops. Thus far, there have been several records of mycovirus infection in Colletotrichum spp., primarily by viruses of the Partitiviridae family. There have also been records of infections by mycoviruses of the Chrysoviridae family. Mycoviruses are (+)ssRNA and dsRNA genome viruses, which may or may not be enveloped. To date, no mycovirus with a DNA genome has been isolated from Colletotrichum spp. Typically, mycoviruses cause latent infections, although hypo- and hypervirulence have also been reported in Colletotrichum spp. In addition to its effects on pathogenic behavior, mycovirus infection can lead to important physiological changes, such as altered morphological characteristics, reduced vegetative growth, and suppressed conidia production. Therefore, research on mycoviruses infecting phytopathogenic fungi can help develop alternative methods to chemical control, which can cause irreversible damage to humans and the environment. From an agricultural perspective, mycoviruses can contribute to sustainable agriculture as biological control agents via changes in fungal physiology, ultimately resulting in the total loss of or reduction in the virulence of these pathogens.

Resumo Colletotrichum é um dos gêneros fúngicos mais importantes economicamente, afetando uma ampla gama de hospedeiros, especialmente em cultivos tropicais e subtropicais. Atualmente já existem diversos registros de infecção por micovírus em Colletotrichum spp., sendo a maioria dos já identificados classificados na família Partitiviridae. Ocorrem registros também de micovírus pertencentes à família Chrysoviridae. Compreendem vírus de genoma de (+)ssRNA e dsRNA que podem ser ou não envelopados. Ainda não foram identificados micovírus com genoma de DNA isolados de Colletotrichum. A infecção por micovírus pode ocorrer de forma latente, mas já foi observado em Colletotrichum spp. o fenômeno de hipo e hipervirulência. Além de influenciar no comportamento patogênico, a infecção pode causar mudanças fisiológicas importantes como alterações das características morfológicas, redução do crescimento vegetativo e redução na produção de conídios. O estudo com micovírus em fungos fitopatogênicos traz uma alternativa ao controle químico que é um método capaz de causar danos irreversíveis ao homem e o meio ambiente. Sob a perspectiva agrícola, os micovírus podem contribuir para agricultura sustentável como agentes de controle biológico. Isso porque obsevam-se mudanças importantes na fisiologia fúngica resultando na perda total ou redução da virulência desses patógenos.

Mycoviruses infecting Colletotrichum spp: a comprehensive review / Micoviroses em Colletotrichum spp: uma revisão abrangente

Colletotrichum is one of the most economically important fungal genera, which affects a wide range of hosts, specifically tropical and subtropical crops. Thus far, there have been several records of mycovirus infection in Colletotrichum spp., primarily by viruses of the Partitiviridae family. There have also been records of infections by mycoviruses of the Chrysoviridae family. Mycoviruses are (+)ssRNA and dsRNA genome viruses, which may or may not be enveloped. To date, no mycovirus with a DNA genome has been isolated from Colletotrichum spp. Typically, mycoviruses cause latent infections, although hypo- and hypervirulence have also been reported in Colletotrichum spp. In addition to its effects on pathogenic behavior, mycovirus infection can lead to important physiological changes, such as altered morphological characteristics, reduced vegetative growth, and suppressed conidia production. Therefore, research on mycoviruses infecting phytopathogenic fungi can help develop alternative methods to chemical control, which can cause irreversible damage to humans and the environment. From an agricultural perspective, mycoviruses can contribute to sustainable agriculture as biological control agents via changes in fungal physiology, ultimately resulting in the total loss of or reduction in the virulence of these pathogens.

Colletotrichum é um dos gêneros fúngicos mais importantes economicamente, afetando uma ampla gama de hospedeiros, especialmente em cultivos tropicais e subtropicais. Atualmente já existem diversos registros de infecção por micovírus em Colletotrichum spp., sendo a maioria dos já identificados classificados na família Partitiviridae. Ocorrem registros também de micovírus pertencentes à família Chrysoviridae. Compreendem vírus de genoma de (+)ssRNA e dsRNA que podem ser ou não envelopados. Ainda não foram identificados micovírus com genoma de DNA isolados de Colletotrichum. A infecção por micovírus pode ocorrer de forma latente, mas já foi observado em Colletotrichum spp. o fenômeno de hipo e hipervirulência. Além de influenciar no comportamento patogênico, a infecção pode causar mudanças fisiológicas importantes como alterações das características morfológicas, redução do crescimento vegetativo e redução na produção de conídios. O estudo com micovírus em fungos fitopatogênicos traz uma alternativa ao controle químico que é um método capaz de causar danos irreversíveis ao homem e o meio ambiente. Sob a perspectiva agrícola, os micovírus podem contribuir para agricultura sustentável como agentes de controle biológico. Isso porque obsevam-se mudanças importantes na fisiologia fúngica resultando na perda total ou redução da virulência desses patógenos.

Mycoviruses infecting Colletotrichum spp.: A comprehensive review

Abstract Colletotrichum is one of the most economically important fungal genera, which affects a wide range of hosts, specifically tropical and subtropical crops. Thus far, there have been several records of mycovirus infection in Colletotrichum spp., primarily by viruses of the Partitiviridae family. There have also been records of infections by mycoviruses of the Chrysoviridae family. Mycoviruses are (+)ssRNA and dsRNA genome viruses, which may or may not be enveloped. To date, no mycovirus with a DNA genome has been isolated from Colletotrichum spp. Typically, mycoviruses cause latent infections, although hypo- and hypervirulence have also been reported in Colletotrichum spp. In addition to its effects on pathogenic behavior, mycovirus infection can lead to important physiological changes, such as altered morphological characteristics, reduced vegetative growth, and suppressed conidia production. Therefore, research on mycoviruses infecting phytopathogenic fungi can help develop alternative methods to chemical control, which can cause irreversible damage to humans and the environment. From an agricultural perspective, mycoviruses can contribute to sustainable agriculture as biological control agents via changes in fungal physiology, ultimately resulting in the total loss of or reduction in the virulence of these pathogens.

Resumo Colletotrichum é um dos gêneros fúngicos mais importantes economicamente, afetando uma ampla gama de hospedeiros, especialmente em cultivos tropicais e subtropicais. Atualmente já existem diversos registros de infecção por micovírus em Colletotrichum spp., sendo a maioria dos já identificados classificados na família Partitiviridae. Ocorrem registros também de micovírus pertencentes à família Chrysoviridae. Compreendem vírus de genoma de (+)ssRNA e dsRNA que podem ser ou não envelopados. Ainda não foram identificados micovírus com genoma de DNA isolados de Colletotrichum. A infecção por micovírus pode ocorrer de forma latente, mas já foi observado em Colletotrichum spp. o fenômeno de hipo e hipervirulência. Além de influenciar no comportamento patogênico, a infecção pode causar mudanças fisiológicas importantes como alterações das características morfológicas, redução do crescimento vegetativo e redução na produção de conídios. O estudo com micovírus em fungos fitopatogênicos traz uma alternativa ao controle químico que é um método capaz de causar danos irreversíveis ao homem e o meio ambiente. Sob a perspectiva agrícola, os micovírus podem contribuir para agricultura sustentável como agentes de controle biológico. Isso porque obsevam-se mudanças importantes na fisiologia fúngica resultando na perda total ou redução da virulência desses patógenos.

Mycoviruses infecting Colletotrichum spp.: A comprehensive review.

Colletotrichum is one of the most economically important fungal genera, which affects a wide range of hosts, specifically tropical and subtropical crops. Thus far, there have been several records of mycovirus infection in Colletotrichum spp., primarily by viruses of the Partitiviridae family. There have also been records of infections by mycoviruses of the Chrysoviridae family. Mycoviruses are (+)ssRNA and dsRNA genome viruses, which may or may not be enveloped. To date, no mycovirus with a DNA genome has been isolated from Colletotrichum spp. Typically, mycoviruses cause latent infections, although hypo- and hypervirulence have also been reported in Colletotrichum spp. In addition to its effects on pathogenic behavior, mycovirus infection can lead to important physiological changes, such as altered morphological characteristics, reduced vegetative growth, and suppressed conidia production. Therefore, research on mycoviruses infecting phytopathogenic fungi can help develop alternative methods to chemical control, which can cause irreversible damage to humans and the environment. From an agricultural perspective, mycoviruses can contribute to sustainable agriculture as biological control agents via changes in fungal physiology, ultimately resulting in the total loss of or reduction in the virulence of these pathogens.

Temporal and spatial toxicogenetic damage in estuarine catfish Cathorops spixii from a marine protected area with evidence of anthropogenic influences.

Taking action to contribute to the preservation of the natural coastal environment, which maintains a diversity of life, is important in today's world. In estuarine ecosystems that are included in marine protected areas (MPA), it is important to conduct biomonitoring over time to monitor the effects of xenobiotics on bioindicator species such as the catfish Cathorops spixii. This study aims to evaluate the toxicogenetic signals in C. spixii from a MPA (Cananéia-Iguape region, Brazilian coast). These genotoxic signals are demonstrated by the presence of micronuclei (MN) and abnormalities in erythrocytes (AE). This study also takes into account the environmental differences signaled by the water's properties (temperature, salinity, pH, DO, dissolved nutrients, and particulate material) over time (2009, 2014, 2017, and 2018). The results show that in the northern region of the estuary, and mainly in 2009, the water properties reveal the influence of the river in the form of the lowest levels of salinity and pH and the highest levels of nutrients. The most significant levels of suspended particulate material and chlorophyll-a are found in the southern region of the estuary, mainly in 2017 and 2018. In general, the C. spixii from the northern region had better well-being than catfish from the more preserved (southern) region. The data on MN and AE show evidence of toxicogenetic damage occurring over time and clastogenic/aneugenic effects mainly in fish sampled in 2018. The presence of a new AE, first recorded in C. spixii sampled in 2018, and named here as double bubbled, is another indicator of toxicogenetic effects. Finally, although the southern region of the estuary has better abiotic properties and conditions for primary production, the obtained toxicogenetic data for C. spixii reinforces the need for - and encourages the implementation of - monitoring actions in this marine protected area using bioindicator species of contamination.

Yellow grease in sheep diets: intake and digestibility / [Óleo residual de fritura em dietas para ovinos: consumo e digestibilidade]

This study aimed to assess the effects of yellow grease supplementation on the intake, digestibility, and nitrogen balance in sheep. Twenty Santa Inês lambs with a mean age of 95 ± 10 d and body weight of 19.29 ± 3.17kg were evaluated in a completely randomized design. The diets were supplemented with oil at concentrations of 0, 20, 40, 60, and 80 gkg-1 of dry matter (DM) of the concentrate. The diets were based on roughage and concentrate (50:50). The experimental period lasted 19 d and included 14 adaptation days and five collection days for the total supplied diet, orts, feces, and urine. Supplementation with yellow grease had no significant effect on the intake of DM, crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), or non-fiber carbohydrates (NFC). However, the ether extract (EE) intake increased linearly with supplementation of yellow grease. Moreover, no effect was observed for DM, CP, NDF, and NFC digestibility and nitrogen balance. EE digestibility increased linearly with the yellow grease dietary supplementation. Thus, sheep dietary supplementation with yellow grease may be used at a level of up to 80 gkg-1 of DM of concentrate without impairing nutrient intake and digestibility.(AU)

Objetivou-se, com o estudo, avaliar os efeitos do óleo residual de fritura, em dietas para ovinos, sob o consumo, a digestibilidade e o balanço de nitrogênio. Foram utilizados 20 cordeiros Santa Inês, com idade de 95 ± 10 dias e peso corporal de 19,29 ± 3,17kg, em delineamento inteiramente ao acaso. As dietas continham óleo de fritura nas concentrações de 0; 20; 40; 60 e 80gkg-1 da matéria seca (MS) do concentrado. As dietas tinham relação volumoso:concentrado de 50:50. O período experimental foi de 19 dias, incluindo 14 dias em adaptação e cinco dias de coleta do fornecido, das sobras, das fezes e da urina. A suplementação com óleo de fritura não alterou o consumo de MS, proteína bruta (PB), matéria orgânica (MO), fibra em detergente neutro (FDN) e carboidratos não fibrosos (CNF). Entretanto, o consumo de extrato etéreo (EE) aumentou com a inclusão do óleo. Não foi observado efeito na digestibilidade da MS, da PB, da FDN, dos CNF e no balanço de nitrogênio. A digestibilidade do EE aumentou com a inclusão do óleo. Assim, a inclusão de óleo de fritura em dietas para ovinos pode ser utilizada em até 80gkg-1 da MS do concentrado, sem limitar ingestão e digestibilidade dos nutrientes.(AU)

Inflammatory profile of apical periodontitis associated with liver fibrosis in rats: histological and immunohistochemical analysis.

AIM: To investigate the effects of liver fibrosis (LF) on the pro-inflammatory mediators and periapical bone resorption of apical periodontitis (AP) in rats. METHODOLOGY: Forty male Wistar rats were distributed into four groups: C - control, AP - rats with AP, LF - rats with LF, AP + LF - rats with AP and LF. LF was induced by carbon tetrachloride administration for 8 weeks and surgical bile duct ligation for 4 weeks; AP was induced in the teeth of rats by dental pulp exposure to the oral environment for 30 days. Jaws and livers were removed after euthanasia. Haematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) and Picrosirius Red (PSR) staining were used to confirm fibrosis in the livers. The jaws were analysed using H&E staining, immunohistochemical assays of interleukin (IL)-1ß, IL-6 and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α). Student's t-test and Mann-Whitney's U-test were used for statistical analysis (P < 0.05). RESULTS: Inflammatory infiltrate was moderate in the AP group and severe in the AP + LF group (P < 0.05). Periapical bone resorption was significantly larger in the AP + LF group compared with the AP group (P < 0.05). IL-1ß, IL-6 and TNF-α levels were significantly higher in AP + LF group when compared to the AP group (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: More intense inflammatory infiltrate, greater amounts of pro-inflammatory cytokines and increased periapical bone resorption were observed in the presence of liver fibrosis in rats with exposed pulps.

The diverse roles of T cell subsets in asthma.

SUMMARY: T cells are coordinators of the immune response and have been shown to play a central role in the pathophysiology of asthma. A good understanding of the T cells functions in asthma is important for therapeutic reasons, in particular for the choice of biological treatments in severe asthma. Although classically considered a Th2 disease, it is now clear that other types of T cells contribute for the pathophysiology and the heterogeneity of asthma. We here review how the different subsets of T cells are involved in the different phenotypes/endotypes of asthma and how this may influence the treatment of the disease.

Predicting enteric methane production from cattle in the tropics.

Accurate estimates of methane (CH4) production by cattle in different contexts are essential to developing mitigation strategies in different regions. We aimed to: (i) compile a database of CH4 emissions from Brazilian cattle studies, (ii) evaluate prediction precision and accuracy of extant proposed equations for cattle and (iii) develop specialized equations for predicting CH4 emissions from cattle in tropical conditions. Data of nutrient intake, diet composition and CH4 emissions were compiled from in vivo studies using open-circuit respiratory chambers, SF6 technique or the GreenFeed® system. A final dataset containing intake, diet composition, digestibility and CH4 emissions (677 individual animal observations, 40 treatment means) obtained from 38 studies conducted in Brazil was used. The dataset was divided into three groups: all animals (GEN), lactating dairy cows (LAC) and growing cattle and non-lactating dairy cows (GCNL). A total of 54 prediction equations available in the literature were evaluated. A total of 96 multiple linear models were developed for predicting CH4 production (MJ/day). The predictor variables were DM intake (DMI), gross energy (GE) intake, BW, DMI as proportion of BW, NDF concentration, ether extract (EE) concentration, dietary proportion of concentrate and GE digestibility. Model selection criteria were significance (P < 0.05) and variance inflation factor lower than three for all predictors. Each model performance was evaluated by leave-one-out cross-validation. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (2006) Tier 2 method performed better for GEN and GCNL than LAC and overpredicted CH4 production for all datasets. Increasing complexity of the newly developed models resulted in greater performance. The GCNL had a greater number of equations with expanded possibilities to correct for diet characteristics such as EE and NDF concentrations and dietary proportion of concentrate. For the LAC dataset, equations based on intake and animal characteristics were developed. The equations developed in the present study can be useful for accurate and precise estimation of CH4 emissions from cattle in tropical conditions. These equations could improve accuracy of greenhouse gas inventories for tropical countries. The results provide a better understanding of the dietary and animal characteristics that influence the production of enteric CH4 in tropical production systems.

Recombinant human MMP-2 associated with monoolein improves bone repair.

OBJECTIVE: The main objective of the present study was to investigate the possible osteostimulatory action of recombinant human matrix metalloproteinase-2 (rhMMP-2) implanted in a bone defect made in calvaria of rats, bounded to the monoolein as carrier. METHODS: Forty-four adult male Wistar rats (about 600 g body weight) underwent surgery in order to create a spherical defect in parietal bone on the right side of the median sagittal suture by using 4 mm diameter of a trephine drill. Animals were divided into three groups: no treatment (control, C), treatment with rhMMP-2 diluted in monoolein liquid crystal (rhMMP-2) and negative control with monoolein (M). The groups were divided into two experimental times, 2- and 4-weeks of experimental time. RESULTS: The rate of new-formed bone, estimated by the number of points on new-formed cancellous bone, was in enhanced rhMMP-2 group in both periods in comparison to C or M groups. CONCLUSION: There was no difference in bone neoformation between second to fourth week within groups. In the present study, monoolein alone had a negative role in the post-operative surgery, but monoolein associated with +rhMMP-2 had a positive role on releasing rhMMP-2 and enhance the rate of new-formed bone (Tab. 1, Fig. 5, Ref. 71).

The effect of vehicle on skin absorption of Mg2+ and Ca2+ from thermal spring water.

OBJECTIVE: Thermal spring waters (TSW) are commonly used as active ingredients in cosmetics. Their biological activities directly depend on the ionic composition of the spring. However, in order to exhibit beneficial properties, the minerals need to reach viable skin layers. The present study addresses the incorporation of marketed TSW in model cosmetic formulations and the impact of the formulation on skin absorption of magnesium and calcium ions that are known to improve skin barrier function. METHODS: Marketed TSW was introduced into five formulations. Liposomes were prepared using saturated or unsaturated phospholipids mixed with cholesterol by the thin layer evaporation technique. Emulsions water-in-oil (W/O), oil-in-water (O/W) or double: water-in-oil-in-water (W/O/W) were prepared by high-shear mixing. Skin absorption of Mg2+ and Ca2+ from those formulations was studied in vitro using static Franz diffusion cells under infinite dose condition and under occlusion of the apparatus. RESULTS: Mg2+ and Ca2+ penetrate skin samples from TSW. Encapsulating TSW into double emulsion (TSW/O/W) increased skin absorption of both cations of interest and kept the Ca2+ /Mg2+ ratio equal to that of TSW in each skin layer. The dermal absorption of Mg2+ from the double emulsion departs from both single emulsions. Application of liposome suspension improved the skin absorption of Ca2+ while keeping constant that of Mg2+ , leading to unbalanced Ca2+ /Mg2+ ratio inside skin. CONCLUSION: The beneficial effects of TSW are not only due to their action on the skin surface. Their active components, especially Ca2+ and Mg2+ cations, reach viable skin layers in a formulation-dependent manner. The distribution of ions inside skin depends on the type of formulation.

OBJECTIFS: Les eaux thermales sont couramment utilisées comme substances actives dans les formulations cosmétiques. Leurs activités biologiques dépendent directement de leur composition en ions. L'action des ions s'exerce à différents niveaux dans la peau, mais bien souvent dans les couches profondes, au-delà du stratum corneum, qu'ils doivent donc atteindre. L'objectif de cet article est d'étudier l'absorption des ions magnésium et calcium, reconnus pour leur effet bénéfique sur la fonction barrière de la peau, depuis différentes formes galéniques formulées avec une eau thermale. METHODES: Une eau thermale commerciale a été utilisée comme phase aqueuse dans 5 formulations différentes : des liposomes formulés avec des phospholipides saturés et insaturés et du cholestérol ; des émulsions de différents sens, eau thermale/huile (TSW/O) et huile/eau thermale (O/TSW) ; une émulsion multiple eau thermale/huile/eau (TSW/O/W). L'absorption cutanée du calcium et du magnésium a été étudiée depuis ces différentes formulations, en utilisant la méthode des cellules de Franz, en dose infinie, et en fermant les cellules pour prévenir toute évaporation. RESULTATS: Les ions magnésium et calcium pénètrent dans la peau depuis l'eau thermale, utilisée comme contrôle. L'encapsulation de l'eau thermale dans les gouttelettes internes de l'émulsion double (TSW/O/W) permet de promouvoir la pénétration des deux ions d'intérêt dans chaque couche de la peau tout en respectant le rapport Ca2+ /Mg2+ obtenu avec l'eau thermale, contrairement aux émulsions simples. Les liposomes augmentent la pénétration cutanée des ions calcium, tandis que celle des ions magnésium reste constante, ce qui conduit à des rapports Ca2+ /Mg2+ élevés dans la peau. CONCLUSION: Les effets thérapeutiques des eaux thermales ne sont pas seulement dus à une action de surface. Les ions comme le calcium et le magnésium pénètrent dans la peau et exercent une action en profondeur qui dépend de la formulation dans laquelle ils sont formulés. En effet, leur distribution ions dépend de la formulation qui les contient.

Comparación de bloqueo peribulbar y anestesia general en vitrectomía mecánica: estudio observacional prospectivo / Comparison of peribulbar block and general anaesthesia in mechanical vitrectomy: a prospective observational study

INTRODUCCIÓN: La cirugía de vitrectomía es un procedimiento común para el tratamiento de varios tipos de afecciones oftalmológicas, y se puede realizar bajo anestesia regional con bloqueo peribulbar (BP) o anestesia general (AG). No hay recomendaciones basadas en evidencia sobre el mejor tipo de anestesia para este procedimiento. En este contexto, nuestro objetivo es comparar AG y BP para la cirugía de vitrectomía. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Estudio observacional prospectivo en adultos sometidos a vitrectomía mecánica entre enero de 2017 y diciembre de 2017. Se recogieron datos demográficos y perioperatorios, en particular: estado físico ASA, presión arterial media, frecuencia cardiaca, consumo de opioides postoperatorio, náuseas y vómitos postoperatorios, tiempos de inducción, cirugía, recuperación y estadía en el hospital y costes considerando los fármacos y el material necesario. El análisis estadístico se realizó con SPSS V.25, con pruebas de chi cuadrado, Fisher y Mann- Whitney U, según el tipo de variables analizadas. RESULTADOS Y DISCUSIÓN: Se incluyeron 179 pacientes, de los cuales 91 (51%) estaban bajo BP y 88 (49%) bajo AG. Los pacientes sometidos a BP presentaban una edad más avanzada (69 vs. 64,5 años, p = 0,006) y se presentaron con valores en la escala ASA más elevados (p = 0,001). Para los resultados hemodinámicos, los pacientes sometidos a BP presentaron una menor variación de la presión arterial media (-3 vs. -13,5mmHg, p = 0,000) y sin diferencias significativas en la frecuencia cardiaca (-2 vs. -3ppm, p = 0,825). En el período postoperatorio, el grupo de BP presentó una menor necesidad de analgesia postoperatoria (0 vs. 5, p = 0,026) y una menor incidencia de náuseas y vómitos (1 vs. 12, p = 0,001). Los tiempos relacionados con la anestesia y la cirugía fueron mejores en el grupo BP, con un tiempo de inducción más corto (10 vs. 11min, p = 0,000), tiempo de cirugía (56,5 vs. 62min, p = 0,001), tiempo de recuperación (10 vs. 75,5min, p = 0,000), y estancia hospitalaria (2 vs. 3 días, p = 0,000). Al analizar los costes, el BP fue más económico que AG (4,65 frente a 12,09 euros, p = 0,021). CONCLUSIÓN: El bloqueo peribulbar es una alternativa segura a la anestesia general para pacientes sometidos a vitrectomía, especialmente pacientes mayores y aquellos con más comorbilidades

INTRODUCTION: Vitrectomy surgery is a common procedure for the treatment of several types of ophthalmologic conditions. It can be performed under regional anaesthesia with peribulbar block (PB) or general anaesthesia (GA). There are no evidence-based recommendations on the optimal anaesthesia strategy for this procedure. The aim of this study was to compare the advantages of PB and GA for vitrectomy surgery. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A prospective observational study was conducted on adults submitted for mechanical vitrectomy between January 2017 and December 2017. Demographic and perioperative data were collected, namely ASA physical status, median arterial pressure, heart rate, postoperative opioid consumption, postoperative nausea and vomiting, times of induction, surgery, recovery, and hospital stay and costs considering medication and material needed. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS V.25, with chi-square, Fisher and Mann-Whitney U tests, according to the type of variables analysed. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: We included 179 patients submitted for mechanical vitrectomy: 91 (51%) with PB and 88 (49%) under GA. Patients submitted to PB were older (69.0 vs. 64.5 years, p=.006) and presented with higher ASA physical status (p=.001). For haemodynamic outcomes, patients submitted to PB presented with less variation of median arterial pressure (-3.0 vs. -13.5mmHg, p=.000) and with no significant differences in heart rate (-2.0 vs. -3.0 bpm, p=.825). In the postoperative period, the PB group presented with decreased need of postoperative analgesia (0.0 vs. 5.0, p=.026) and a lower incidence of nausea and vomiting (1.0 vs. 12.0, p=.001). Times related to anaesthesia and surgery were better in PB group, with shorter induction time (10.0 vs. 11.0min, p=.000), surgery time (56.5 vs. 62.0min, p=.001), recovery time (10.0 vs. 75.5min, p=.000), and hospital stay (2.0 vs. 3.0 days, p=.000). When analysing costs, PB was less expensive than GA (4.65 vs. 12.09 euros, p=.021). CONCLUSION: PB is a reliable and safe alternative to GA for patients undergoing mechanical vitrectomy, permitting good anaesthesia and akinesia conditions during surgery, better haemodynamic stability, and less postoperative complications, especially in older patients and those with more comorbidities

Comparison of peribulbar block and general anaesthesia in mechanical vitrectomy: a prospective observational study. / Comparación de bloqueo peribulbar y anestesia general en vitrectomía mecánica: estudio observacional prospectivo.

INTRODUCTION: Vitrectomy surgery is a common procedure for the treatment of several types of ophthalmologic conditions. It can be performed under regional anaesthesia with peribulbar block (PB) or general anaesthesia (GA). There are no evidence-based recommendations on the optimal anaesthesia strategy for this procedure. The aim of this study was to compare the advantages of PB and GA for vitrectomy surgery. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A prospective observational study was conducted on adults submitted for mechanical vitrectomy between January 2017 and December 2017. Demographic and perioperative data were collected, namely ASA physical status, median arterial pressure, heart rate, postoperative opioid consumption, postoperative nausea and vomiting, times of induction, surgery, recovery, and hospital stay and costs considering medication and material needed. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS v.25, with chi-square, Fisher and Mann-Whitney U tests, according to the type of variables analysed. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: We included 179 patients submitted for mechanical vitrectomy: 91 (51%) with PB and 88 (49%) under GA. Patients submitted to PB were older (69.0 vs. 64.5 years, p=.006) and presented with higher ASA physical status (p=.001). For haemodynamic outcomes, patients submitted to PB presented with less variation of median arterial pressure (-3.0 vs. -13.5mmHg, p=.000) and with no significant differences in heart rate (-2.0 vs. -3.0 bpm, p=.825). In the postoperative period, the PB group presented with decreased need of postoperative analgesia (0.0 vs. 5.0, p=.026) and a lower incidence of nausea and vomiting (1.0 vs. 12.0, p=.001). Times related to anaesthesia and surgery were better in PB group, with shorter induction time (10.0 vs. 11.0min, p=.000), surgery time (56.5 vs. 62.0min, p=.001), recovery time (10.0 vs. 75.5min, p=.000), and hospital stay (2.0 vs. 3.0 days, p=.000). When analysing costs, PB was less expensive than GA (4.65 vs. 12.09 euros, p=.021) CONCLUSION: PB is a reliable and safe alternative to GA for patients undergoing mechanical vitrectomy, permitting good anaesthesia and akinesia conditions during surgery, better haemodynamic stability, and less postoperative complications, especially in older patients and those with more comorbidities.

Asthma app use and interest among patients with asthma: a multicenter study

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Formulation of survival acceptor medium able to maintain the viability of skin explants over in vitro dermal experiments.

OBJECTIVE: In vitro assessments of skin absorption of xenobiotics are essential for toxicological evaluations and bioavailability studies of cosmetic and pharmaceutical ingredients. Since skin metabolism can greatly contribute to xenobiotic absorption, experiments need to be performed with skin explants kept viable in suitable survival media. Existing protocols for non-viable skin are modified to consider those conditions. The objective was to design a survival medium used as an acceptor fluid in Franz cells for testing cutaneous penetration of hydrophilic or lipophilic molecules. Their metabolism inside skin may be investigated under the same conditions. The determining factors involved in survival mechanisms in vitro are discussed. The consequences of short-term skin preservation at 4°C were also evaluated. METHODS: The metabolic activity of fresh skin samples mounted in Franz cells was studied by measurement of lactate release over 24 h in order to assess the impacts of pH, buffering, osmolality, ionic strength, initial glucose supply and the addition of ethanol or non-ionic surfactant in the acceptor part of Franz cells. CONCLUSION: Survival media must maintain physiological pH (>5.5) be isotonic with skin cells (300 mOsm kg-1 ) and contain at least 0.5 g L-1 glucose. Several compositions able to preserve skin metabolism are reported. Storage of skin explants overnight at 4°C impairs skin metabolic activity. The present work provides guidelines for designing survival media according to constraints related to the scientific requirements of the experiments.

OBJECTIFS: Les études d'absorption cutanée sont indispensables pour les évaluations toxicologiques et les études de biodisponibilité des ingrédients cosmétiques et pharmaceutiques. Etant donné que le métabolisme cutané peut contribuer à l'absorption cutanée des xénobiotiques, les études doivent être parfois menées sur les explants cutanés maintenus en survie à l'aide d'un milieu adapté. Les protocoles classiques utilisés avec des explants congelés non viables sont souvent modifiés pour prendre en compte ces conditions particulières. L'objectif de cette étude est d'étudier les conditions nécessaires à appliquer au milieu receveur des cellules de Franz pour maintenir la viabilité des explants, dans les études de pénétration cutanée de molécules hydrophiles et lipophiles. Leur métabolisme dans la peau peut être étudié dans ces mêmes conditions. Les facteurs déterminants à prendre en compte pour assurer la viabilité des explants in vitro sont discutés. Les conséquences de la conservation des explants cutanés durant une courte durée à 4°C, avant utilisation, ont été également évaluées. METHODES: L'activité métabolique des échantillons de peau, montés en cellules de Franz, a été évaluée grâce aux mesures du lactate produit durant 24h, durée de l'expérience. L'impact du pH, de solutions « tampon ¼, de l'osmolalité, de la force ionique, de la concentration initiale en glucose et de l'addition d'éthanol ou de tensioactifs non-ioniques, dans le milieu receveur de la cellule de Franz, a été étudié. CONCLUSION: Le milieu de survie doit maintenir un pH physiologique (>5.5), être isotonique par rapport aux cellules de la peau (300 mOsm kg-1 ) et contenir au moins 0.5 g L-1 de glucose. Plusieurs compositions capables de maintenir le métabolisme cutané sont décrites. La conservation des explants cutanés à 4°C, durant une nuit, perturbe l'activité métabolique de la peau. Ces travaux permettent de mettre en évidence des prérequis pour la formulation de milieux de survie adaptés aux expériences.

Pru p 3 sublingual immunotherapy ultra-rush protocol is safe and clinically effective.

Summary: Introduction. Sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT) with Pru p 3 can prevent severe allergic reactions to LTP-containing foods, but the standard initiation protocol is time-consuming. Objectives. Establish the safety of a novel ultra-rush initiation protocol for SLIT with Pru p 3. Methods. Prospective study comparing the side effects of the standard vs novel ultra-rush initiation protocols of SLIT with Pru p 3 in patients with anaphylaxis to LTP. Results. Fifteen patients were included (standard initiation, 5; ultra-rush initiation, 10), 80% females. All patients had oropharyngeal pruritus during initiation, 80% with spontaneous recovery, but no other gastro-intestinal, respiratory, cutaneous or systemic side effects occurred in any patient of both groups. Conclusion. The novel ultra-rush protocol halved the build-up time without increasing side effects.